Author: A.A. Zinina, N.A. Arinkin, M.D. Chizhova, A.A. Kotov
Affiliation: Moscow State Linguistic University
Abstract:
We examine the application of personal companion robots to learning English vocabulary by schoolchildren in order to evaluate the efficiency of the learning procedure and the engagement of stu-dents.
The goal of study was to evaluate if a companion robot can serve as a perspective learning tool for foreign language vocabulary. Within a five-week experiment Russian schoolchildren (N=43, average age 15,6 years) studied vocabulary of English as a foreign language, assigned to emotional robot, neu-tral robot or screen-based learning condition. Results, measured in a post-experimental recall test, indi-cated no significant difference in word learning between the three learning groups.
At the same time, the students consistently rated the emotional robot as more friendly and engag-ing, than the neutral robot, which friendliness rating decreased over time. This confirms that the emo-tional robot can better maintain student interest, and this ability to sustain engagement offers potential long-term benefits, especially for less motivated students.
The findings can be employed in educational technologies, as a new method for off-class self-education.
Keywords:
r Learning, robot-assisted language learning, foreign language learning,
human-robot interaction, companion robot, emotional robot.
References:
Котов А.А., Зинина А.А. Функциональный анализ невербального коммуникативного пове-дения // Компьютерная лингвистика и интел-лектуальные технологии. Диалог-2015. 2015. Вып. 14 (21). С. 308-320. [Kotov A.A., Zinina A.A. Funkcional'nyj analiz neverbal'nogo kom-munikativnogo povedenija // Komp'juternaja lingvistika i intellektual'nye tehnologii. Dialog-2015.) 2015. Vyp. 14 (21). S. 308-320.]
Abbassi A., Hassaskhah J., Tahriri A. The Effect of Teaching Memory Strategies on Iranian EFL Learner’s Vocabulary Retention in Terms of learners’ Multiple Intelligences // International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies. 2018. Vol. 6. P. 1-9.
Alemi M., Meghdari A., Ghazisaedy M. Em-ploying humanoid robots for teaching English lan-guage in Iranian junior high-schools // Internation-al Journal of Humanoid Robotics. 2014. Vol. 11. № 03. P. 1450022 -1–1450022-25.
Arocena I., Huegun-Burgos A., Rekalde-Rodriguez I. Robotics and Education: A Systemat-ic Review // TEM Journal. 2022. Vol. 11. № 1. P. 379-387.
Babayev J. The role of age in second lan-guage learning // Znanstvena misel journal. 2023. №. 84. P. 25-27.
Bećirović S., Huric-Becirovic R. The role of age in students’ motivation and achievement in learning English as a second language // The Jour-nal of Linguistic and Intercultural Education. 2017. Vol. 10. № 1. P. 23-35.
Belpaeme T., Kennedy J., Ramachandran A., Scassellati B., Tanaka F. Social robots for ed-ucation: A review // Science Robotics. 2018. Vol. 3. № 21. P. eaat5954.
Bozavli E. Effect of phonetic association on learning vocabulary in foreign language // Journal of Education and Training Studies. 2016. Vol. 5. № 1. P. 35-41.
Collado E. Robots as Language Learning Tools. // Learning Languages. ERIC, 2017. Vol. 22. № 2. P. 28-31.
Dautenhahn K. Socially intelligent robots: dimensions of human-robot interaction // Philo-sophical transactions of the royal society B: Bio-logical sciences. The Royal Society London, 2007. Vol. 362. № 1480. P. 679-704.
den Berghe R, Verhagen J, Oudgenoeg-Paz O, der Ven S, Leseman P. Social robots for lan-guage learning: A review // The Review of Educa-tional Research 2019. Vol. 89. № 2. P. 259-295.
Dong G., Ren H. The role of age in second language acquisition a Psychological perspective // British Journal of English Linguistics. 2013. Vol. 1. № 1. P. 1-6.
Dörnyei Z. Motivational strategies in the language classroom. New York: Cambridge Uni-versity Press, 2001.
Gass S.M., Behney J., Plonsky L. Second language acquisition: An introductory course. N.Y., London: Routledge, 2020.
Gordon G., Breazeal C., Engel S. Can Chil-dren Catch Curiosity from a Social Robot? // 2015 10th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Hu-man-Robot Interaction (HRI). Portland: ACM, 2015. P. 91-98.
Kanda T., Hirano T., Eaton D., Ishiguro H. Interactive Robots as Social Partners and Peer Tu-tors for Children: A Field Trial // Human–Computer Interaction. 2004. Vol. 19. P. 61-84.
Kelley J.F. An iterative design methodology for user-friendly natural language office infor-mation applications // ACM Transactions on In-formation Systems. 2002. Vol. 2. № 1. P. 26-41.
Kennedy J., Baxter P., Senft E., Belpaeme T. Social robot tutoring for child second language learning // 2016 11th ACM/IEEE international conference on human-robot interaction (HRI). Christchurch, New Zealand: IEEE, 2016. P. 231-238.
Kidd C.D., Breazeal C. Effect of a robot on user perceptions // 2004 IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems (IROS) (IEEE Cat. No. 04CH37566). 2004. Vol. 4. P. 3559-3564.
Kory J., Breazeal C. Storytelling with ro-bots: Learning companions for preschool chil-dren’s language development // The 23rd IEEE international symposium on robot and human in-teractive communication. Edinburgh: IEEE, 2014. P. 643-648.
Kotov A, Zinina A, Zaidelman L, Arinkin N. F-2 Robot Toolkit: Model for Speech Comprehen-sion and Communicative Behavior // 2019 8th In-ternational Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction Workshops and Demos, ACIIW 2019. Cambridge: IEEE, 2019.
Kotov A., Budyanskaya E. The Russian Emotional Corpus: Communication in Natural Emotional Situations // Computational Linguistics and Intellectual Technologies.2012. Vol. 11 (18). P. 296-306.
Lorayne H., Lucas J. The memory book: The classic guide to improving your memory at work, at school, and at play. New York: Ballantine Books, 2012.
Malkina M., Zinina A., Arinkin N., Kotov A.Multimodal Hedges for Companion Robots: A Politeness Strategy or an Emotional Expression? // Computational Linguistics and Intellectual Tech-nologies: Dialogue. 2023. № 22. P. 319-326.
Randall N. A survey of robot-assisted lan-guage learning (RALL) // ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction (THRI). 2019. Vol. 9. № 1. P. 1-36.
Ryan R., Deci E. Intrinsic and extrinsic mo-tivations: Classic definitions and new directions // ContempEduc Psychol. 2000. Vol. 25. P. 54-67.
Schunk D.H., Pintrich P.R., Meece J.L. Mo-tivation in education: Theory, research, and appli-cations // (No Title). Boston: Pearson, 2014.
Shimada M, Yoshikawa Y, Asada M, Saiwaki N, Ishiguro H. Effects of Observing Eye Contact between a Robot and Another Person // Geminoid Studies. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. P. 215-234.
Sidner CL, Kidd CD, Lee C, Lesh N. Where to look: a study of human-robot engagement // Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces. N.Y.: ACM, 2004. P. 78-84.
Wainer J., Feil-Seifer D.J., Shell D.A., Ma-taric M.J. Embodiment and human-robot interac-tion: A task-based perspective // RO-MAN 2007-The 16th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication. Jeju, South Korea: IEEE, 2007. P. 872-877.
Wainer J., Feil-Seifer D.J., Shell D.A., Ma-taric M.J. The role of physical embodiment in human-robot interaction // ROMAN 2006-The 15th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication. Hatfield, UK: IEEE, 2006. P. 117-122.
Yin J, Guo W, Zheng W, Ren M, Wang S, Jiang Y. The Influence of Robot Social Behaviors on Second Language Learning in Preschoolers // International Journal of Human-Computer Interac-tion. 2022. Vol. 40(2). P. 1-9.
Zhang M. An Empirical Study of Applying Associative Method in College English Vocabu-lary Learning // English Language Teaching. 2014. Vol. 7. № 6. P. 68-73.
Zinina A, Zaidelman L, Kotov A, Arinkin N. The perception of robot’s emotional gestures and speech by children solving a spatial puzzle // Computational Linguistics and Intellectual Tech-nologies. 2020. Vol. 19 (26). P. 811-826.
For citation: Zinina, A. A., Arinkin, N. A., Chizhova, M. D., & Kotov, A. A. (2025). Emotional Robot as a Companion for Studying Foreign Language Vocabulary at School. Voprosy Kognitivnoy Lingvistiki, 2, 116-127.
Pages: 116-127